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保管好你的作業(yè)相關(guān)文件資料

Taking care of the paperwork

LEEA經(jīng)常會接到產(chǎn)品用戶和供應(yīng)商有關(guān)于高架起重吊裝設(shè)備應(yīng)附帶哪些資料文件的問題。僅以英國的情況而言，雖然大部分的相關(guān)行業(yè)法規(guī)早在20世紀90年代便開始實施，但圍繞一些具體問題仍然還有很多人都存在著理解不清的狀況，為作業(yè)安全事故的發(fā)生埋下了一定的隱患。

At LEEA we regularly receive calls from both end users and suppliers with questions regarding the documentation that should accompany overhead lifting equipment. Even though, in the UK at least, most of the relevant legislation has been in place since the 1990s, there is clearly still widespread confusion and misunderstanding surrounding this particular issue. This can present a number of potential dangers for those concerned, including the consequences of failing to meet basic legal requirements. Furthermore, whilst it’s quite possible that equipment without the right paperwork is perfectly sound and fit for purpose, mistakes and omissions in the documentation provided by the supplier should at least raise some doubts in a buyer’s mind.

人們最容易理解錯誤的是，認為一份測試證明在新設(shè)備供應(yīng)時是照例應(yīng)被要求提供的。實際上，這種理解在現(xiàn)在的行業(yè)發(fā)展趨勢下早已不適應(yīng)了。過去，我們對新的吊裝設(shè)備進行例行的過載測試，目的僅是為了證明其負載能力可以達到規(guī)定水平。但是，我們現(xiàn)在的行業(yè)發(fā)展?fàn)顟B(tài)更加強調(diào)整個產(chǎn)品制造過程中的質(zhì)量控制，并且以抽樣檢驗、無損檢測和其他一些技術(shù)手段來取代單一目的的試驗負荷測試（通常是沒有實際意義的）。因此，測試證明這類文件也被制造商證明取代了�，F(xiàn)在，對于吊裝設(shè)備的購買方和供應(yīng)方，應(yīng)當(dāng)關(guān)注三類重要文件：制造商證明、產(chǎn)品合格證和全面檢驗報告。

 By far the most common misconception is the belief that a ‘test certificate’ is routinely needed when new lifting equipment is supplied. Indeed, the documentation that accompanies new lifting equipment is regularly and erroneously referred to as such. In fact, test certificates generally belong to a bygone era in which every new item of lifting equipment was routinely proof load tested with an overload to prove it could carry the rated SWL (Safe Working Load). Things have moved on and far greater emphasis is now placed on quality control during the manufacturing process. Sampling, non-destructive testing and other techniques have replaced a single (and often meaningless) proof load test. As a result, the ‘test certificate’ has been superseded by the ‘Manufacturer’s Certificate’. Along with the EC Declaration of Conformity and Report of Thorough Examination, it is one of the three key types of document that buyers and suppliers of lifting equipment should concern themselves with.

制造商證明上應(yīng)顯示的信息，也應(yīng)該出現(xiàn)在相關(guān)的產(chǎn)品標(biāo)準上，這是一項強制性規(guī)定。所以，制造商如果宣稱符合某項產(chǎn)品標(biāo)準，就必須出具制造商證明。

    The information that should be contained in the Manufacturer’s Certificate is listed in, and a compulsory part of, the relevant product standard. Therefore a manufacturer claiming to comply with the product standard must issue the Manufacturer’s Certificate.

制造商必須按照法律規(guī)定提供規(guī)定的文件。在歐洲，是指一份EC產(chǎn)品合格證，相關(guān)要求在歐盟機械指令中有完整的說明。依照歐盟機械指令的要求，EC合格證必須由負有相應(yīng)法律責(zé)任的人來簽署出具。如果產(chǎn)品是在歐洲經(jīng)濟區(qū)內(nèi)制造的，應(yīng)由制造商來簽署出具，否則應(yīng)由制造商的授權(quán)代表或進口商來負責(zé)。相關(guān)立法對于此合格證的內(nèi)容有明確和具體的要求說明。需注意的是，EC合格證和制造商證明通常都有些重復(fù)性的內(nèi)容信息，所以制造商是可以選擇將這兩份文件合并作為同一份文件出具的。

 The manufacturer must also supply the document required by legislation. In Europe, this means an EC Declaration of Conformity. The requirements for this are contained in the Machinery Directive, the latest version of which came into force in 2009 and is implemented via national legislation in countries throughout Europe. In the UK, this is represented by The Supply of Machinery (Safety) Regulations 2008. According to the Machinery Directive, the EC Declaration of Conformity must be produced by the ‘responsible person’. If the item is made in the EEA (European Economic Area), then the responsible person is the manufacturer. However, if it is manufactured outside the EEA, the responsible person is the manufacturer’s authorized representative, or the importer. There are clear and detailed requirements for the content of the Declaration of Conformity, which can all be found in the relevant legislation. The Declaration of Conformity must accompany the item in question, and it should be noted that there will usually be some overlap of the information contained in this and the Manufacturer’s Certificate. Indeed, the manufacturer may choose to combine the two documents. This is perfectly acceptable, provided the information is clear.

以上提到的重要文件中的最后一份是全面檢驗報告。英國的法律要求按照吊裝作業(yè)與吊裝設(shè)備管理規(guī)范（LOLER）中第9條的要求來進行全面檢驗。所謂的全面檢驗，是指一種高級別的定期性吊裝設(shè)備檢驗工作，包括有任何形式的測試項目，只要這是設(shè)備檢驗工作所需要做的，如功能測試、電氣測試、無損檢測和負荷測試等。此規(guī)范所帶來的主要變化之一是，每次全面檢驗工作完成后，都要出具一份報告，不論被檢設(shè)備是否可以繼續(xù)安全使用。

The last of the three key documents is the Report of Thorough Examination. The UK requirement for Thorough Examination is found in Regulation 9 of the Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations (LOLER). Under LOLER, the term thorough examination is used to describe high level, periodic inspection of lifting equipment. It includes any tests deemed necessary as part of the examination, such as functional, electrical, non-destructive and load tests. One of the major changes introduced by LOLER was that a report must be issued following every thorough examination, regardless of whether the equipment is found to be safe or not. Schedule 1 of LOLER clearly specifies the information that a Report of Thorough Examination must contain, but it should be noted that LEEA regularly comes across examples of incomplete reports.

除以上三種重要文件類型以外，我們有時可能還會在合約上要求供應(yīng)商提供其他一些形式的認證文件，比如測試負荷證明和無損檢測證明。但是，應(yīng)該強調(diào)的是，這些文件類型都不是吊裝設(shè)備適用管理法規(guī)所要求必須提供的。

Beyond these three key documents, there may sometimes be contractual requirements on the supplier to issue additional certification. Examples include a Certificate of Test Load Applied, Certificate of Non Destructive Testing, or an EN10204 Certificate of Conformance (sometimes referred to as a mill certificate). However, it should be stressed that these have no direct legal status in relation to lifting equipment, although they may be needed to support the legal requirements for such equipment, for example in the compilation of a technical file.

有時候，繁多的產(chǎn)品文件資料對于保證吊裝作業(yè)的安全和高校進行會起到一定的反作用，好在提供這些文件資料的法律責(zé)任落在了供應(yīng)商一方�？梢钥隙ǖ氖�，對于非專業(yè)的購買設(shè)備的一方，想準確判斷購買設(shè)備的質(zhì)量好壞幾乎是不可能的，而EC合格證則為證明設(shè)備是否符合機械指令要求提供了最直接的物證。而且，是否能夠理解并符合這些系統(tǒng)性規(guī)范性文件要求，也可以體現(xiàn)設(shè)備供應(yīng)商在產(chǎn)品供應(yīng)環(huán)節(jié)的專業(yè)性和可靠性。

Documentation and paperwork can sometimes be considered a distraction from the important business of ensuring safe and efficient overhead lifting. The good news is that the obligations are not unduly onerous. Indeed, they can provide a useful tool for buyers. Certainly, for the non-specialist buyer, it is often all but impossible to make a considered judgment on the quality of equipment being purchased. The EC Declaration of Conformity provides the main, if not only, physical evidence that the equipment complies with the requirements of the Machinery Directive. Furthermore, a supplier that clearly understands and adheres to the requirements for accompanying documentation should go at least some way towards assuring the buyer of their credibility and professionalism.